In many areas of cardiology, the sex-based disparities in diagnoses and outcomes are well-known—but the underlying causes of these differences are still being interpreted and understood.
Diagnosing unstable angina in women and men*, compared to diagnosing ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI), is one such area. Female patients are diagnosed more frequently with unstable angina than STEMI, and they also experience higher cardiac mortality than male patients, as Cardiology Advisor notes. And yet, sometimes those diagnoses may be incorrect.
The reasons for these variances can be biological or cultural, requiring clinicians to take a more multidimensional and comprehensive approach to diagnostics and treatment. Practitioners must also utilize tools such as ECG to inform care planning as quickly and thoroughly as possible for all patients.
Physiological Factors in Female Patients
Many sex-based differences in perceived anginal versus STEMI indicators derive from physiological manifestations. Importantly, the coronary artery diameter of a female patient is proportionally smaller than that of a male patient, as a paper in the E-Journal of Cardiology Practice explains.
This structural variance should be understood in context with evidence that, compared to men, women experience fewer known incidences of plaque obstruction and rupture contributing to STEMI. Rather, women show more plaque erosion that contributes to unstable angina, as Cardiology Advisor observes. Autopsies have shown that a female patient's risk of developing obstructive disease is less prevalent until their seventies. Instead, as the American Heart Association reports, women are typically more prone to microvascular disease, which can go undetected.
Some evidence has pointed to sex-based differences in angina symptoms, as well. In addition to (or instead of) lingering and unprovoked chest pain, female patients may experience gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting, nausea, or stomach pain, as well as shortness of breath. Cardiology Advisor adds that some research also points to a potential difference in pain perception as another conflating factor.
Yet, even angiography doesn't show the whole picture, especially for female patients. According to a report in Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology, women who have undergone angiograms have received normal results even though they demonstrated other indicators of myocardial ischemia, either through intravascular ultrasound or lab testing for troponin. These oversights may be due to damage indetectable by angiography.
Cultural Factors to Consider
Atop these possible biological causes, gendered and cultural factors can complicate diagnostic decision-making as well.
For one, the aforementioned E-Journal of Cardiology Practice paper suggests that diagnosing and treating obstructive CAD, which male patients are more likely to have than female patients, is the norm in cardiology practice—leaving a significant portion of female patients who have microvascular problems instead of obstructive disease underrepresented. These differences connect to the greater conversation of gender disparities in medical education as well as the general practice of using men's symptoms as the baseline and considering women's symptoms and presentations atypical.
In addition, women are also more likely to experience delays in care after symptoms begin, according to the Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology report. Anecdotally, many women have expressed that their providers discount their concerns as anxiety or other non-cardiac problems, which can delay in-hospital care.
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Using ECG to Inform Diagnostic Care Planning
If neither symptoms nor angiography are altogether reliable—and troponin's clinical utility continues to wane amid COVID-19—how then can providers assess the risk of unstable angina versus STEMI for all patients equally? A 12-lead ECG is an excellent starting point as part of a broader toolkit that may include lab testing and advanced imaging.
While STEMI on ECG can be determined via ST-segment elevations in the anterior, inferior, or posterior views, discerning NSTEMI from unstable angina can be more challenging. As Healio describes, both diagnoses can come with certain abnormalities, such as depressions in the ST segment or inversions in the T wave.
Even so, sometimes ECG may appear normal for both unstable angina and NSTEMI, which would require lab testing and regular ECG testing (every six to eight hours) for creatine kinase and, debatably, troponin. Cardiac biomarkers will rise with NSTEMI, but not for unstable angina.
Make a Fast and Accurate Diagnosis
Differences in cardiovascular structure and symptoms, combined with unintentional disparities in care, can muddy the diagnostic workup for patients with cardiac concerns, particularly female patients. These complications can have dire effects on patient outcomes, as STEMI, NSTEMI, and unstable angina all have different care pathways.
ECG may not be the only tool required to arrive at the right diagnosis, but it is easy to use, fast, inexpensive, and accessible at the point of care. Most importantly, it can help to rule out STEMI in the absence of visible ST elevation.
Together, these indicators can be lifesaving for women who would otherwise be vulnerable to poor outcomes.
*For the purposes of this article, we are referring to "women," "female," "men," and "male" as reported in the cited studies. Most research does not track current gender identity or gender assigned at birth.
